Ireland’s Cancer Landscape and Early Detection
Ireland is facing a significant public health challenge as it ranks second in the European Union for the rate of new cancer diagnoses. According to recent data from the European Commission, over 24,000 new cases are reported each year. This alarming statistic highlights the urgent need for increased awareness, early detection, and improved treatment strategies.
Professor Patrick Redmond, a GP, associate professor at RCSI, and leading cancer care researcher, emphasizes that cancer has become the leading cause of mortality in Ireland, accounting for 28% of annual deaths. He notes that this trend has surpassed heart disease as the primary contributor to mortality in the country.
Despite these grim statistics, there is hope. Survival rates have improved by 50% over the past decade, with 65% of Irish cancer patients now living for at least five years after diagnosis. However, Redmond stresses that further progress can be made by identifying more cases at an earlier stage.
The Role of Screening Programmes
Screening programmes play a crucial role in early detection. Ireland already offers screening for breast, cervical, and bowel cancers, which have been instrumental in improving outcomes. The Irish Cancer Society is now conducting a pilot study for a community-based lung cancer screening programme, as lung cancer remains the deadliest form of the disease in the country.
In addition to formal screening, self-checking for early signs of cancer is essential. Research indicates that certain cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, are on the rise among younger populations. A study by the National Cancer Registry of Ireland found that colorectal cancer rates in under-50s nearly doubled between 1994 and 2019.
General and Specific Signs of Cancer
While not all cancers present with early symptoms, there are some general warning signs that apply to most types. These include unexplained weight loss (5% or more over six to 12 months), persistent fatigue, and unusual aches or pains. Weight loss is often linked to the metabolic effects of cancer on the body, which can lead to muscle weakness and inflammation.
Certain cancers also have more specific red flags that individuals should be aware of:
1. Testicular Cancer
Key warning sign: Unusual lump or swelling
Testicular cancer typically affects men aged 20–40 and is often detected as a new lump or swelling. Redmond advises that anyone noticing changes in their body should seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis allows for successful treatment through surgery, often avoiding more aggressive therapies like chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Five-year survival rate in Ireland: 91%
2. Breast Cancer
Key warning signs: Lumps, swelling around the armpit, changes in size or shape of one of the breasts, changes or unusual discharge to one or both nipples
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in Irish women after non-melanoma skin cancers. Col Conway, a community nurse with the Marie Keating Foundation, recommends regular self-checks, especially the week after a menstrual period ends. Post-menopausal women should check monthly.
Five-year survival rate in Ireland: 88%
3. Cervical Cancer
Key warning sign: Painful sex
Cervical cancer outcomes have improved significantly due to the HPV vaccine, which is offered to girls aged 12–13. Redmond notes that self-sampling tests will soon allow women to test their own cervix, reducing stigma and increasing participation. Painful sex and post-sex bleeding are key indicators that should not be ignored.
Five-year survival rate in Ireland: 65%
4. Colorectal Cancer
Key warning signs: Blood in the stool, cramps, and sudden changes in bowel habits with no obvious reason
Colorectal cancer is the second most common in men and third in women. With rising rates among younger people, Redmond encourages awareness of changes in bowel habits, such as frequency, consistency, or shape of stools. Bleeding, abdominal pain, and fatigue are also red flags.
Five-year survival rate in Ireland: 97%
5. Skin Cancer
Warning sign: New irregular-shaped moles or existing moles which start to bleed
Redmond recommends using the ABCD rule to assess moles: Asymmetry, Border Irregularity, Colour, and Diameter. AI-driven apps like SkinVision can assist in monitoring suspicious moles.
Five-year survival rate in Ireland: 93%
6. Lung Cancer
Warning signs: Coughing up blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, and a persistent cough
Lung cancer is the biggest cancer killer in Ireland, responsible for 20% of cancer-related deaths. While most cases occur in smokers, 30% of cases affect those who have never smoked. Early detection is critical, as the disease is more treatable when caught before it spreads.
Five-year survival rate in Ireland: 25%